Patients with tinea versicolor develop an asymptomatic or mildly pruritic hypopigmented or hyperpigmented rash on the chest, back, abdomen, or face.
Treponema pallidum sketchy micro skin#
In the presence of certain environments or triggers, this fungus can cause pathologic diseases ranging from superficial skin conditions (tinea versicolor and dermatitis) to invasive disease (e.g., Malassezia folliculitis, catheter-associated fungemia, meningitis, and urinary tract infections). Malassezia is a lipophilic yeast commonly found on the skin surfaces of many animals, including humans.
Prevention of mosquito bites is key in management. There is no specific treatment, and therapy is largely supportive. Diagnosis is by clinical findings and CSF analysis using serology, and also by virus antigen or genomic sequence detection. A majority of patients recover, but the illness can progress to severe encephalitis. Initial symptoms after the mosquito bite include fever, headache, and vomiting.
The virus is maintained in a cycle between mosquitoes and avian hosts, but can spread to humans via bridge vectors (other species of mosquitoes).
Other viruses in this complex include western EEV and Venezuelan EEV. The eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus complex consists of the EEE virus, found in North America and the Caribbean and the Madariaga virus, found in South and Central America. For optimal comprehension, the student is required to have a basic understanding of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and the differences between them, as well as of the fundamental concepts of gene expression.Įquine encephalitis viruses (EEVs), belonging to the Togaviridae family and Alphavirus genus, are mosquito-borne arboviruses that infect humans and cause minor illness or, in severe cases, encephalitis. In this course, the student will be taught about the major groups and families of microorganisms relevant to human health, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions. A competent physician must have a good grasp on the most common pathogens in their area of work-to gain a clearer understanding of the pathophysiology of which the pathogens are a part, of effective pharmacological therapies, and of mechanisms of resistance. They are, however, still encountered in clinical practice. After the advent of antibiotics, these diseases have become relatively less prevalent and less morbid than they used to be. In the previous century, infectious diseases were the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Since not all microorganisms are pathogens, and some are actually beneficial to humans, microbiology provides a way to understand the difference between harmful and helpful organisms. Microbiology is the branch of biology that focuses on the study of these microorganisms and their relationship to disease processes by describing their characteristics (e.g., species, structure, virulence factors, etc.). In the 19th century, Louis Pasteur introduced the germ theory of disease, which describes the relationship between microorganisms and illnesses. Concepts of contagion and its prevention slowly developed in different cultures over centuries. Infectious diseases have burdened humanity for millennia.
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